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Black Population by State According to the United States Census estimates, the United States population is approximately % Black or African American, which equals . FULL ANSWER According to the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, the most recent data available, the total African American population for North Carolina was million. . There are now 42 million people who identify as Black or African American living in America.
 
 

– NC in Focus: Black Population in North Carolina, | Carolina Demography

North Carolina boasts a large number of noteworthy jazz musicians , some among the most important in the history of the genre. North Carolina is also famous for its tradition of old-time music , and many recordings were made in the early 20th century by folk-song collector Bascom Lamar Lunsford.

Musicians such as the North Carolina Ramblers helped solidify the sound of country music in the late s, while the influential bluegrass musician Doc Watson also hailed from North Carolina.

Both North and South Carolina are hotbeds for traditional rural blues , especially the style known as the Piedmont blues. The Research Triangle area has long been a well-known center for folk , rock, metal , jazz and punk. In the mountains, the Brevard Music Center hosts choral, operatic, orchestral, and solo performances during its annual summer schedule.

Academic conservatories and universities also produce fully staged operas, such as the A. They feature concerts, operas, recitals, and traveling Broadway musicals. North Carolina has a variety of shopping choices.

SouthPark Mall in Charlotte is currently the largest in the Carolinas, with almost two million square feet. A culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue.

There are strong regional differences and rivalries over the sauces and methods used in making the barbecue. The common trend across Western North Carolina is the use of premium grade Boston butt. Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato-based sauce, and only the pork shoulder dark meat is used. Western North Carolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexington barbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington , home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival , which attracts more than , visitors each October.

Krispy Kreme , an international chain of doughnut stores, was started in North Carolina; the company’s headquarters are in Winston-Salem. Pepsi-Cola was first produced in in New Bern. A regional soft drink , Cheerwine , was created and is still based in the city of Salisbury. The Hardee’s fast-food chain was started in Rocky Mount. Another fast-food chain, Bojangles’ , was started in Charlotte , and has its corporate headquarters there. A popular North Carolina restaurant chain is Golden Corral.

Started in , the chain was founded in Fayetteville , with headquarters located in Raleigh. Cook Out , a popular fast-food chain featuring burgers, hot dogs, and milkshakes in a wide variety of flavors, was founded in Greensboro in and has begun expanding outside of North Carolina. Over the last decade, North Carolina has become a cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prize-winning wine Noni Bacca Winery , internationally prized cheeses Ashe County , “L’institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques: Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes, January 15, ” international hub for truffles Garland Truffles , and beer making, as tobacco land has been converted to grape orchards while state laws regulating alcohol by volume ABV in beer allowed a jump from six to fifteen percent.

The Yadkin Valley in particular has become a strengthening market for grape production, while Asheville recently won the recognition of being named “Beer City USA”. Asheville boasts the largest number of breweries per capita of any city in the United States.

North Carolina has large grazing areas for beef and dairy cattle. Truck farms can be found in North Carolina. A truck farm is a small farm where fruits and vegetables are grown to be sold at local markets. The state’s shipping, commercial fishing, and lumber industries are important to its economy.

Service industries, including education, health care, private research, and retail trade, are also important. Research Triangle Park , a large industrial complex located in the Raleigh-Durham area, is one of the major centers in the country for electronics and medical research. Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop after the Civil War. Many farmers grew some tobacco, and the invention of the cigarette made the product especially popular.

Winston-Salem is the birthplace of R. Reynolds in as one of sixteen tobacco companies in the town. By it was selling million packs of Camels a year. Today it is the second-largest tobacco company in the U. Army Special Operations Command.

On January 24, , a BG broke up in midair and crashed after suffering a severe fuel loss, near Goldsboro , dropping two nuclear bombs in the process without detonation. Charlotte is the most-visited city in the state, attracting Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several million tourists to the western part of the state, [] including the historic Biltmore Estate. The internationally acclaimed North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro attracts visitors to its animals, plants, and a piece art collection along five miles 8 km of shaded pathways in the world’s largest-land-area natural-habitat park.

Seagrove , in the central portion of the state, attracts many tourists along Pottery Highway NC Hwy MerleFest in Wilkesboro attracts more than 80, people to its four-day music festival; and Wet ‘n Wild Emerald Pointe water park in Greensboro is another attraction. The Outer Banks and surrounding beaches attract millions of people to the Atlantic beaches every year.

The mainland northeastern part of the state, having recently adopted the name the Inner Banks , is also known as the Albemarle Region, for the Albemarle Settlements , some of the first settlements on North Carolina’s portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Elementary and secondary public schools are overseen by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. The North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction is the secretary of the North Carolina State Board of Education , but the board, rather than the superintendent, holds most of the legal authority for making public education policy.

In , the board’s chairman also became the “chief executive officer” for the state’s school system. Board of Education trial and the release of the Pearsall Plan. Previously the SAT was the dominant university entrance examination students took.

In state law changed which required 11th grade students to take the ACT. Because students now can take that test for free, the ACT became the dominant university entrance examination. The largest university in North Carolina is currently North Carolina State University , with more than 34, students.

The residents of North Carolina have a lower life expectancy than the U. According to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation , in , males in North Carolina lived an average of Females in North Carolina lived an average of Male life expectancy in North Carolina between and increased by an average of 6. Life expectancy for females in North Carolina between and increased by 3. Using — data, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation calculated that life expectancy for North Carolina counties ranged from Life expectancy for the state as a whole was Transportation systems in North Carolina consist of air, water, road, rail, and public transportation including intercity rail via Amtrak and light rail in Charlotte.

North Carolina has the second-largest state highway system in the country as well as the largest ferry system on the east coast. North Carolina’s airports serve destinations throughout the United States and international destinations in Canada, Europe, Central America, and the Caribbean. North Carolina has a growing passenger rail system with Amtrak serving most major cities.

Charlotte is also home to North Carolina’s only light rail system known as the Lynx. Early newspapers were established in the eastern part of North Carolina in the midth century. The Fayetteville Observer , established in , is the oldest newspaper still in publication in North Carolina. The Wilmington Star-News , established , is the oldest continuously running newspaper.

As of January 1, , there were approximately North Carolina newspapers in publication in the state of North Carolina. The News and Observer was founded in and is the largest in circulation in the state. In , The Charlotte Observer was acquired by the company, it is the second largest circulating news paper in the state. The government of North Carolina is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. These consist of the Council of State led by the Governor , the bicameral legislature called the General Assembly , and the state court system headed by the North Carolina Supreme Court.

The state constitution delineates the structure and function of the state government. Most municipalities in North Carolina operate under council-manager governments. North Carolina’s party loyalties have undergone a series of important shifts in the last few years: While the midterms saw Tarheel voters elect a bicameral Republican majority legislature for the first time in more than a century, North Carolina has also become a Southern swing state in presidential races.

Since Southern Democrat Jimmy Carter ‘s comfortable victory in the state in , the state had consistently leaned Republican in presidential elections until Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state in In the s, Democrat Bill Clinton came within a point of winning the state in and also only narrowly lost the state in In , Republican George W.

Bush easily won the state by more than 13 points. By , demographic shifts, population growth, and increased liberalization in densely populated areas such as the Research Triangle , Charlotte , Greensboro , Winston-Salem , Fayetteville , and Asheville , propelled Barack Obama to victory in North Carolina, the first Democrat to win the state since In , North Carolina was again considered a competitive swing state, with the Democrats even holding their Democratic National Convention in Charlotte.

However, Republican Mitt Romney ultimately eked out a two-point win in North Carolina, the only swing state Obama lost, and one of only two states along with Indiana to flip from Obama in to the GOP in Furthermore, Republican Donald Trump carried the state in and In , the state elected a Republican governor Pat McCrory and lieutenant governor Dan Forest for the first time in more than two decades, while also giving the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate.

Several U. House of Representatives seats flipped control in , with the Republicans holding nine seats to the Democrats’ four. In the mid-term elections, Republican David Rouzer won the state’s seventh congressional district seat, increasing the congressional delegation party split to 10—3 in favor of the GOP. North Carolina Republicans won 10 of the 13 seats in , when Democrats got 47 percent of the statewide vote.

In Republicans took nine, with one seat undecided, even though Democrats got 48 percent of the overall vote. As a result of the Census, North Carolina will gain another seat in the th United States Congress , for a total of In a study, North Carolina was ranked as the 23rd easiest state for citizens to vote in.

The state has been sued for racially gerrymandering the districts, which resulted in minority voting power being diluted in some areas, resulting in skewed representation. In , the District Court ruled that the 12th District was an illegal racial gerrymander. The U.

Supreme Court reversed the District Court in and ruled that the 12th district boundaries were not racially based but was a partisan gerrymander.

They said this was a political question that the courts should not rule upon. In , federal courts again ordered redistricting.

This case reached the United States Supreme Court in March , which also heard a related partisan gerrymandering case from Maryland. The Panthers and Hurricanes are the only two major professional sports teams that have the same geographical designation while playing in different metropolitan areas. The Hurricanes are the only major professional team from North Carolina to have won a league championship, having captured the Stanley Cup in Additionally, North Carolina has minor league teams in other team sports including soccer and ice hockey , most notably North Carolina FC and the Charlotte Checkers , both of which play in the second tier of their respective sports.

Golf is a popular summertime leisure activity, and North Carolina has hosted several important professional golf tournaments. Opens , and one U. Women’s Open. College sports are also popular in North Carolina, with 18 schools competing at the Division I level.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the U. For the former British colony, see Province of North Carolina. For other uses, see North Carolina disambiguation.

For the song, see The Old North State song. State in the United States. Tarheel State ; Old North State. Esse quam videri : [1] “To be, rather than to seem”. Mount Mitchell [4] [5]. Atlantic Ocean [4]. Flag of North Carolina. Main article: History of North Carolina. Further information: American Civil War. Main article: Reconstruction era. Main article: Geography of North Carolina. Interactive map of North Carolina. Further information: Wildlife of North Carolina.

Further information: List of rivers of North Carolina. Main article: Climate of North Carolina. See also: Climate change in North Carolina. Archived from the original on December 31, Retrieved December 27, See also: List of counties in North Carolina. See also: List of municipalities in North Carolina. Largest cities or towns in North Carolina Source Estimate : []. Main article: Demographics of North Carolina. See also: African Americans in North Carolina. Main article: Economy of North Carolina.

See also: North Carolina locations by per capita income. Main article: List of North Carolina state parks. Further information: List of colleges and universities in North Carolina and List of universities in North Carolina by enrollment.

Duke Chapel at Duke University. Wait Chapel at Wake Forest University. Main article: Transportation in North Carolina. Further information: Vehicle registration plates of North Carolina. Main article: Interstate Highways in North Carolina. Further information: List of U. Highways in North Carolina. Further information: List of state highways in North Carolina.

See also: Gerrymandering in the United States. Main article: Sports in North Carolina. United States portal North Carolina portal. Archived from the original on November 8, Retrieved May 20, NC Kids Page.

North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State. May 8, Archived from the original on November 4, Retrieved November 7, United States Geological Survey.

Archived from the original on October 15, Retrieved October 24, The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Archived from the original on December 20, Retrieved December 8, Retrieved May 23, This section is intended to preserve, protect and strengthen the English language, and not to supersede any of the rights guaranteed to the people by the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution of North Carolina. English is the official language of the State of North Carolina.

Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on June 4, Retrieved August 11, Census Reporter. Retrieved June 22, Will it keep it? The Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on November 21, Retrieved December 1, National Park Service. Retrieved May 2, William Lee , Richter, William L. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN OCLC Archived from the original on November 20, Retrieved September 22, October 31, Archived from the original on February 20, Retrieved September 18, Spring American Archaeology.

Archived PDF from the original on June 24, Retrieved June 26, March Archived from the original on July 24, Retrieved July 24, Tanglewood Park. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt. Archived from the original on February 5, Archived from the original on August 7, November 16, Archived from the original on July 26, February 9, Archived from the original on April 1, Retrieved April 30, North Carolina Maritime History Council.

North Carolina History Project. Archived from the original on October 29, Retrieved May 16, Lawrence E. Bethune’s M. Archived from the original on February 19, Retrieved October 26, Archived PDF from the original on August 30, Retrieved May 11, Archived PDF from the original on July 8, Archived from the original on October 22, Library of Congress, Washington, D.

Revolutionary War and Beyond. American Battlefield Trust. University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on October 11, Archived from the original on January 29, Retrieved January 25, Archived from the original on July 19, Archived from the original on September 16, April 9, Archived from the original on May 14, North Carolina Museum of History. Retrieved December 20, Retrieved December 22, October 23, Virginia Center for Civil War Studies.

Retrieved April 11, EJI Reports. The North Carolina Historical Review. ISSN JSTOR Retrieved March 10, Currituck Economic Development. May 16, Charlotte, NC, outpacing nationwide growth in banking, set for further expansion Archived November 16, , at the Wayback Machine. Wake County Economic Development. Retrieved January 28, September 17, Archived PDF from the original on December 19, Retrieved December 15, Beach Carolina Magazine.

March 30, Archived from the original on February 21, North Carolina State Board of Education. Archived from the original on August 8, Retrieved August 7, USA Today. Archived from the original on August 19, Economic Development Partnership of North Carolina. January 21, Archived from the original on August 12, Retrieved August 8, They asked Carolina Demography to help them understand what they would need to know in order to plan for recruitment, enrollment….

Make a Gift. Your support is critical to our mission of measuring, understanding, and predicting population change and its impact. Donate to Carolina Demography today. Carolina Small Business Development Fund, Related blog posts. Republish our content for free under a Creative Commons license. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. How can we help you learn more about your community? Contact Us. Featured projects.

Helping funders better understand their community Our material helped the NC Local News Lab Fund better understand and then prioritize their funding to better serve existing and future grant recipients in North Carolina. The correlation of Native American ancestry in African Americans with Latino state population proportion also has a marginal p value of 0. Not all correlations are strongly significant, suggesting that other social or cultural factors influenced levels of ancestry, especially in African Americans.

The transitions between Latino, African American, and European American self-reported identity by proportions of African and Native American ancestry illustrate both the complexity of how one self identifies as well as the overlapping ancestry profiles among groups Figure 5 B.

This work demonstrates that the legacy of population migrations and interactions over the last several hundred years is visible in the genetic ancestry of modern individuals living in the US. Our results suggest that genetic ancestry can be leveraged to augment historical records and inform cultural processes shaping modern populations. Though the majority of European Americans in our study did not carry Native American or African ancestry, even a small proportion of this large population that carry non-European ancestry translates into millions of European Americans who carry African and Native American ancestry.

Our results suggest that the early US history, beginning in the 17 th century around 12 generations ago , might have been a time of many population interactions resulting in admixture. Large sample sizes, high-density genotype data, and accurate and robust local ancestry estimates allowed us to discern subtle differences in genetic ancestry.

In spite of present-day high mobility of individuals, the genetic ancestry of present-day individuals recapitulates historical migration events, known settlement patterns, and admixture processes.

Our findings can inform medical genetic studies. Introgressed Native American and African haplotypes in European Americans might have implications for studies of complex diseases, especially for diseases that vary in prevalence among ancestral populations, can produce subtle population structure that should be carefully controlled for in GWASs, and might impact the distribution of rare variants in studies of whole-genome sequence.

Our results also suggest new avenues for research, such as the potential for including European Americans in admixture mapping. We thank the customers of 23andMe who answered surveys and participated in this research. We are grateful to Dr. Jeffrey C. Long at the University of New Mexico, Dr. We thank Nick Patterson and Priya Moorjani for helpful statistical discussions on f statistics.

Of course, all mistakes and inaccuracies are our own. Am J Hum Genet. Durand , 2 J. Mountain 2. Eric Y. Durand 2 23andMe, Inc. Michael Macpherson. Joanna L. Mountain 2 23andMe, Inc. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.

Katarzyna Bryc: moc. Received Sep 17; Accepted Nov Document S2. Article plus Supplemental Data. Abstract Over the past years, North America has been the site of ongoing mixing of Native Americans, European settlers, and Africans brought largely by the trans-Atlantic slave trade , shaping the early history of what became the United States.

Introduction Over the last several hundred years, the United States has been the site of ongoing mixing of peoples of continental populations that were previously separated by geography. Genotyping Participants were genotyped as described previously. Research Cohorts 23andMe customers were invited to fill out web-based questionnaires, including questions on ancestry and ethnicity, on state of birth, and current zip code of residence. Self-Reported Ancestry It is important to note that ancestry, ethnicity, identity, and race are complex labels that result both from visible traits, such as skin color, and from cultural, economic, geographical, and social factors.

Validation of Self-Reported Identity Survey Results To verify that our self-reported ethnicities were reliable, we examined the consistency of ethnicity survey responses when individuals completed both ancestry and ethnicity surveys. Geographic Location Collection Self-reported state-of-birth survey data was available for 47, customers of 23andMe. Ancestry Analyses Ancestry Composition We apply Ancestry Composition, a three-step pipeline that efficiently and accurately identifies the ancestral origin of chromosomal segments in admixed individuals, which is described in Durand et al.

Generating the Distribution of Ancestry Tracts We generate ancestry segments as defined as continuous blocks of ancestry, estimating the best guess of ancestry at each window to define segments of each ancestry. Sex Bias in Ancestry Contributions Sex bias in ancestry contributions, often assessed through ancestry of mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroups, is also manifested in unequal estimates of ancestry proportions on the X chromosome, which has an inheritance pattern that differs between males and females.

Logistic Regression Modeling of Self-Identity We examine the probabilistic relationship between self-identity and genetically inferred ancestry. Validation of Non-European Ancestry in African Americans and European Americans Although our Ancestry Composition estimates are well calibrated and have been shown to accurately estimate African, European, and Native American ancestry in tests of precision and recall, 33 we were concerned that low levels of non-European ancestry in European Americans that we detected might represent an artifact of Ancestry Composition.

Comparison with Genomes Project Consensus Estimates Comparisons of our estimates with those published by the Genomes Consortium show the high consistency across populations and individuals. Estimates of African and Native American Ancestry in Europeans We looked at whether all individuals who are expected to carry solely European ancestry also have similar rates of detection of non-European ancestry.

Distribution of Ancestry Segment Start Positions Regions of the genome that have structural variation or show strong linkage disequilibrium LD have been shown both to confound admixture mapping and to influence the detection of population substructure in studies using Principal Components Analysis PCA. Open in a separate window.

Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Correlations with Population Proportions We find that levels of Native American and African ancestry in 23andMe customers in each state are significantly correlated with the proportion of African Americans and Latinos in each state Figures S11—S Discussion Selection of Populations The ancestries of 23andMe customers, and therefore the demographics of the database used for this study, largely reflect the demographics of the US, as tallied in the US census.

Patterns of Genetic Ancestry of Self-Reported Latinos We estimated that Iberian ancestry composes as much as a third of the European ancestry in Latinos in Florida, New Mexico, and other parts of the Southwest, probably reflecting either early Spanish influence and rule in these regions or recent immigration from Latin America, which might also be associated with higher levels of Iberian ancestry in New York and New Jersey.

Patterns of Genetic Ancestry of Self-Reported European Americans Our estimated rates of non-European ancestry in European Americans suggest that more than six million Americans, who self-identify as European, might carry African ancestry. Robust Estimates of African and Native American Ancestry in African Americans and European Americans Several lines of evidence suggest that Native American and African segments represent true signals of Native American and African introgression that occurred after the transcontinental migrations beginning in the s.

Correlations with Population Proportions Correlations between state population proportions and mean ancestry proportions suggest that the numbers of African and Native American individuals in a state might have shaped the ancestries of present-day individuals. Conclusion This work demonstrates that the legacy of population migrations and interactions over the last several hundred years is visible in the genetic ancestry of modern individuals living in the US.

Acknowledgments We thank the customers of 23andMe who answered surveys and participated in this research. Notes Published: December 18, Supplemental Data Document S1.

Article plus Supplemental Data: Click here to view. References 1. Moreno-Estrada A. Human genetics. The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits.

Parra E. Admixture in North America. In: Suarez-Kurtz G. Pharmacogenomics in Admixed Populations. Landes Bioscience; Austin: Estimating African American admixture proportions by use of population-specific alleles. Smith M. A high-density admixture map for disease gene discovery in african americans. Ancestral proportions and admixture dynamics in geographically defined African Americans living in South Carolina.

Lind J. Elevated male European and female African contributions to the genomes of African American individuals. Salas A. Shipwrecks and founder effects: divergent demographic histories reflected in Caribbean mtDNA. Tishkoff S. The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. Bryc K. Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans. Kidd J. Population genetic inference from personal genome data: impact of ancestry and admixture on human genomic variation.

Maples B. RFMix: a discriminative modeling approach for rapid and robust local-ancestry inference. Dipierri J. Paternal directional mating in two Amerindian subpopulations located at different altitudes in northwestern Argentina. Green L. Mendizabal I. Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba. BMC Evol.

Marrero A. Pre- and post-Columbian gene and cultural continuity: the case of the Gaucho from southern Brazil. Sans M. Unequal contributions of male and female gene pools from parental populations in the African descendants of the city of Melo, Uruguay.

Carvajal-Carmona L. Genetic demography of antioquia colombia and the central valley of costa rica. Admixture studies in Latin America: from the 20th to the 21st century. Wang S. Geographic patterns of genome admixture in Latin American Mestizos. PLoS Genet. Seldin M. Argentine population genetic structure: large variance in Amerindian contribution. Silva-Zolezzi I. Analysis of genomic diversity in Mexican Mestizo populations to develop genomic medicine in Mexico.

Klimentidis Y. Genetic admixture, self-reported ethnicity, self-estimated admixture, and skin pigmentation among Hispanics and Native Americans. Reconstructing the population genetic history of the Caribbean. Shriner D. Overview of admixture mapping. Novembre J. Genes mirror geography within Europe. Lao O. Correlation between genetic and geographic structure in Europe. Halder I. A panel of ancestry informative markers for estimating individual biogeographical ancestry and admixture from four continents: utility and applications.

Measurement of admixture proportions and description of admixture structure in different U. Evaluating self-declared ancestry of U. Americans with autosomal, Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA. Sykes B. Liveright; New York: Durand, E. Ancestry composition: A novel, efficient pipeline for ancestry deconvolution. Eriksson N. Web-based, participant-driven studies yield novel genetic associations for common traits.

Tung J. Efficient replication of over genetic associations with self-reported medical data. Genetic variants associated with breast size also influence breast cancer risk. BMC Med. Novel associations for hypothyroidism include known autoimmune risk loci. Henn B. Cryptic distant relatives are common in both isolated and cosmopolitan genetic samples.

A genetic variant near olfactory receptor genes influences cilantro preference. Kiefer A. Genome-wide analysis points to roles for extracellular matrix remodeling, the visual cycle, and neuronal development in myopia. Hinds D.

What percent of north carolina population is black – what percent of north carolina population is bl

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Further related statistics Inner London UK : population , by ethnic group Outer London UK : population , by ethnic group United Kingdom UK : population size by ethnic group Population of Ireland , by ethnicity Mexico: indigenous and Afro-descendant population and households Population distribution of Arizona by race and ethnicity Germany: population of Chinese-born inhabitants Population distribution of Iowa by race and ethnicity Population distribution of Alaska by race and ethnicity United Kingdom UK population of Chinese-born inhabitants Population distribution of South Carolina by race and ethnicity Population distribution of Nebraska by race and ethnicity Population distribution of Rhode Island by race and ethnicity Population distribution of Montana by race and ethnicity Population distribution of Idaho by race and ethnicity Annual median earnings of workers in U.

Further Content: You might find this interesting as well. Statistics Inner London UK : population , by ethnic group Outer London UK : population , by ethnic group United Kingdom UK : population size by ethnic group Population of Ireland , by ethnicity Mexico: indigenous and Afro-descendant population and households Population distribution of Arizona by race and ethnicity Germany: population of Chinese-born inhabitants Population distribution of Iowa by race and ethnicity Population distribution of Alaska by race and ethnicity United Kingdom UK population of Chinese-born inhabitants Population distribution of South Carolina by race and ethnicity Population distribution of Nebraska by race and ethnicity Population distribution of Rhode Island by race and ethnicity Population distribution of Montana by race and ethnicity Population distribution of Idaho by race and ethnicity Annual median earnings of workers in U.

Learn more about how Statista can support your business. US Census Bureau. September 30, Resident population of North Carolina in , by race and ethnicity [Graph]. In Statista. Accessed October 08, Resident population of North Carolina in , by race and ethnicity. Statista Inc.. Accessed: October 08,

The Growing Diversity of Black America | Pew Research Center.

We examine the probabilistic relationship between self-identity and genetically inferred ancestry. To explore the interaction between genetic ancestry and self-reported identity, we estimated the proportion of individuals that identify as African American and European American, partitioned by levels of African ancestry.

Although our Ancestry Composition estimates are well calibrated and have been shown to accurately estimate African, European, and Native American ancestry in tests of precision and recall, 33 we were concerned that low levels of non-European ancestry in European Americans that we detected might represent an artifact of Ancestry Composition. Hence, we pursued several lines of investigation to provide evidence that estimates of African and Native American ancestry in European Americans are robust and not artifacts.

Comparisons of our estimates with those published by the Genomes Consortium show the high consistency across populations and individuals. We note that our estimates of Native American ancestry are conservative. Five individuals from the ASW population from the Genomes Project have poor consistency in their estimates.

These individuals have a large amount of Native American ancestry that was not modeled by the Genomes Project estimates.

That these particular individuals were sampled in Oklahoma, and carry significant Native American ancestry, is supported by our own high estimates of Native American ancestry in 23andMe self-reported African Americans from Oklahoma. We looked at whether all individuals who are expected to carry solely European ancestry also have similar rates of detection of non-European ancestry.

To this end, we generated a cohort of 15, customers of 23andMe who reported that all four of their grandparents were born in the same European country. The use of four-grandparent birth-country has been utilized as a proxy for assessing ancestry.

We tested whether European Americans with estimated African ancestry showed any admixture from Africans by using our cohorts of individuals with estimated African ancestry and reference populations from the Genomes Project data set. We assessed the fraction of individuals that carry these haplogroups to validate the likelihood of Native American ancestry in European Americans and African Americans and show that these haplogroups are virtually absent in European controls.

Because mtDNA haplogroups are assigned by classification with SNPs that segregate on these lineages, these orthogonal results provide an independent line of support for our estimated Native American ancestry in European Americans and African Americans.

Regions of the genome that have structural variation or show strong linkage disequilibrium LD have been shown both to confound admixture mapping and to influence the detection of population substructure in studies using Principal Components Analysis PCA.

To this end, we examined the starting positions of all African and Native American ancestry segments in European Americans and Native American ancestry in African Americans. Self-reported survey data was used to generate cohorts of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans. For more details on our cross-survey validation, see Subjects and Methods. Genome-wide ancestry estimates of African Americans show average proportions of We find systematic differences across states in the US in mean ancestry proportions of self-reported African Americans Figure 1 and Table S2.

C Differences in levels of European ancestry of African Americans red , from each state. States with fewer than ten individuals are excluded in gray. States with fewer than 20 individuals are excluded in gray. Mean estimates of African, Native American, and European ancestry are shown. Relative increase on the X chromosome is calculated as the absolute difference, X chromosome estimate minus genome-wide estimate, divided by the genome-wide estimate. We used the lengths of segments of European, African, and Native American ancestry to estimate a best-fit model of admixture history among these populations for African Americans Figure S3.

We estimate that initial admixture between Europeans and Native Americans occurred 12 generations ago, followed by subsequent African admixture 6 generations ago, consistent with other admixture inference methods dating African American admixture.

A sex bias in African American ancestry, with greater male European and female African contributions, has been suggested through mtDNA, Y chromosome, and autosomal studies.

Latinos encompass nearly all possible combinations of African, Native American, and European ancestries, with the exception of individuals who have a mix of African and Native American ancestry without European ancestry see Figures S4 A and S1. On average, we estimate that Latinos in the US carry We find the highest levels of estimated Native American ancestry in self-reported Latinos from states in the Southwest, especially those bordering Mexico Figure 2 C.

We find the highest mean levels of African ancestry in Latinos living in or born in states in the South, especially Louisiana, the Midwest, and Atlantic Figure 2 A. Further stratification of individuals by their self-reported population affiliation e. Differences in mean levels of African A , European B , and Native American C ancestry in Latinos from each state is shown by shade of blue, red, and orange, respectively.

Admixture date estimates for Latino admixture suggest that Native American and European mixture occurred first, about 11 generations ago, followed by African admixture 7 generations ago.

We inferred elevated African and Native American ancestry on the X chromosome, corresponding to higher female ancestry contributions from both Africans and Native Americans. We find that many self-reported European Americans, predominantly those living west of the Mississippi River, carry Native American ancestry Figure 3 B.

A The geographic distribution of self-reported European Americans with African ancestry. Consistent with previous anecdotal results, 32 the frequency of European American individuals who carry African ancestry varies strongly by state and region of the US Figure 3 A.

We estimate that a substantial fraction, at least 1. Using a less conservative threshold, approximately 3. Logistic regression of self-identified European Americans and African Americans reveals that the proportion of African ancestry predicts self-reported ancestry significantly, with a coefficient of For a full characterization of terms and logistic models, see Table S6 and Figure S9.

Each vertical bar corresponds to the individuals that carry that bin of ancestry, and is colored by the proportion of African American and European American identities. Proportions are estimated from absolute numbers of individuals, not scaled by total cohort size.

Pie charts are omitted for bins where there were no individuals with those corresponding levels of Native American and African ancestry. Fitting a model of European and Native American admixture followed later by African admixture, we find the best fit with initial Native American and European admixture about 12 generations ago and subsequent African gene flow about 4 generations ago. Non-European ancestry in European Americans follows a sex bias in admixture contributions from males and females, as seen in African Americans and Latinos.

The ratio between X chromosome and genome-wide Native American ancestry estimates in European Americans shows greater Native American female and higher European male ancestry contributions Tables 1 and S4. This increase suggests female-African and male-European sex bias in European Americans that follows the same direction as in African Americans and Latinos, with greater male European and female African and Native American contributions. We find that levels of Native American and African ancestry in 23andMe customers in each state are significantly correlated with the proportion of African Americans and Latinos in each state Figures S11—S We show that positions of segments of non-European ancestry start uniformly across the genome see Figure S Although some regions, including the HLA region containing the MHC complex on chromosome 6, show higher ancestry switches reflecting difficulties in assignment because of genetic diversity as likewise seen in African Americans and Latinos; Figures S16 and S17 , the majority of segments are uniformly distributed.

We find very low levels of African and Native American ancestry in Europeans with four grandparents born in Europe. We estimate that only 0. These levels are substantially lower than the 3. Furthermore, for most European countries we observed no individuals with substantial non-European ancestry, and the presence of individuals with African and Native American ancestry is limited to countries that had major ports in the Atlantic trade and were known to have been highly connected to the trans-Atlantic slave trade.

Excluding countries that had major and minor ports in the Atlantic with strong connections to the slave trade namely Portugal, Spain, France, and United Kingdom and Malta, which has been the site of migrations from Africa and the Middle East, we obtain a data set of 9, Europeans, where we find African and Native American ancestry is virtually absent, with only 0. The frequency of Native American mtDNA haplogroups in European Americans and African Americans correlate with our estimates of genome-wide ancestry in European Americans and African Americans and are found in appreciable fractions of individuals who are estimated to carry Native American ancestry.

The frequencies of haplogroups are shown in Table S8. These haplogroups are virtually absent in individuals with four grandparents from a European country 21 individuals out of 15, Furthermore, the majority of these Native American haplogroups in Europeans are found in individuals from Spain.

Though it is possible these represent non-Native American haplogroups, prior literature and studies of genetic, archaeological, and paleontological evidence suggest that these haplogroups have Native American origins and is evidence of gene flow from the Americas to Spain.

Excluding Spain, Native-American-specific haplogroups are detected in fewer than 0. The ancestries of 23andMe customers, and therefore the demographics of the database used for this study, largely reflect the demographics of the US, as tallied in the US census.

Our study considers three cohorts that comprise the three largest self-identified groups in the US, which are likewise well represented in the 23andMe database. In this study, we focus on the distribution of European, African, and Native American ancestries and European subpopulation ancestries.

At present, we are unable to delve deeper into the complexity of, and subancestries within, Native American and West African populations. Our resolution reflects the current availability of reference data sets from different regions.

However, we emphasize that these groups and ancestries are only a fraction of the diversity found within individuals living in the US, and as data set sizes grow, future work should extend to include analyses of other worldwide ancestries and populations and their distributions across the US. Reflected in these ancestry patterns are migration routes, such as the trans-Atlantic slave trade that brought Africans through important Southern seaports as documented online in American FactFinder and American Community Survey Summary File.

Though mean estimates of Native American ancestry are low, many African Americans carry detectable levels of Native American ancestry. Consistent with historical narratives and family histories, our estimate suggests that one in every five African Americans carries Native American ancestry, a higher rate than we detected in self-reported European Americans.

Even excluding individuals with no African ancestry, which are probably the result of survey errors, we still estimate a higher European, and corresponding lower African, mean genetic ancestry proportion in 23andMe African Americans compared to previous studies of African Americans. A significant difference between the 23andMe cohort of African Americans and many groups previously studied is geographic sampling. Our cohort reflects heavier sampling of individuals living in or born in California and New York, probably driven by population density as well as awareness of genetic testing or 23andMe.

Both are regions where African Americans have lower mean African ancestry than other studies of African Americans, which are often drawn from locations in the South. However, participation in 23andMe is not free and requires online access, so therefore it is important to note that other social, cultural, or economic factors might interact to affect ancestry proportions of those individuals who choose to participate in 23andMe. Our admixture dates for African Americans provide evidence that African and European mixture occurred prior to , suggesting that gene flow between these groups might predate the Great Migration of African Americans from the South into the North beginning around , though more complex models that capture more continuous gene flow are needed to resolve African and European mixture timing.

We estimated that Iberian ancestry composes as much as a third of the European ancestry in Latinos in Florida, New Mexico, and other parts of the Southwest, probably reflecting either early Spanish influence and rule in these regions or recent immigration from Latin America, which might also be associated with higher levels of Iberian ancestry in New York and New Jersey.

Regions with higher Iberian ancestry also correspond to regions with greater Native American ancestry; disentangling whether higher levels of Native American ancestry in the Southwest reflects the legacy of indigenous Native American ancestors or is the result of recent Latino immigrants into the Southwest might be possible through future studies of admixture dating or more Native American subpopulation reference data.

Our estimated rates of non-European ancestry in European Americans suggest that more than six million Americans, who self-identify as European, might carry African ancestry. Regional differences in European subpopulation ancestry across states reflect known major historical migrations from Europe.

Inferred Eastern European ancestry is found at its highest levels in Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, potentially stemming from immigration during the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries, settling in metropolitan areas in the Northeast and Midwest.

Inferred Iberian ancestry, found overall at lower mean proportions, still represents a measurable ancestry component in Florida, Louisiana, California, and Nevada, and might point to the early Spanish rule and colonization of the Americas. The distributions of the European subpopulation ancestries in European Americans illustrate that the distribution of within-European ancestry is not homogenous among individuals from different states, and instead, reflects differences in population migrations and settlement patterns across the US.

We find evidence that sex-biased admixture processes are widespread in US history in European Americans as well as in African American and Latino populations. Estimates of proportions of males and females from each ancestral population Table S4 suggest that under a simple demographic model of admixture, European Americans might have ten times as many female Native American ancestors as male, and African Americans might have four times as many female Native American ancestors as male.

Sex bias in ancestry contributions might have been driven by unbalanced sex ratios in immigration frontier settings, 76 exploitation, 77 or other social factors.

Several lines of evidence suggest that Native American and African segments represent true signals of Native American and African introgression that occurred after the transcontinental migrations beginning in the s.

Validation of our self-reported survey data across two independent surveys shows that self-reported ancestry consistency is remarkably high. African ancestry in European Americans is not likely to be driven by survey errors because the number of European Americans with African ancestry is ten times larger than our estimates of survey error rates. Furthermore, the ancestry profiles of self-reported European Americans with African ancestry are distinct from all other cohorts: their African ancestry is much lower than for a random sample of African Americans, and the majority of these individuals do not carry any appreciable amount of Native American ancestry, distinguishing their ancestry profiles from Latinos see Figure S1 C.

A potential source of bias in our estimates is from errors in the ancestry inference algorithm. The inferred segments of African and Native American are uniformly distributed across the genome. Lastly, our recent dates for admixture suggest that introgression probably occurred in the Americas within the last years.

Hence, our estimates do not support that the African ancestry in European Americans stems from ancient population events that predate the migrations to the Americas. For example, gene flow from Africa coinciding with the Moor invasion of the Mediterranean might have introduced African ancestry into the ancestral population of some European Americans. Though such ancient events would probably not lead to inferred African ancestry because our supervised learning algorithm would apply a European label to such segments, it is possible that European population substructure could lead to inferred segments of African ancestry in some European Americans that derive from older historical admixture events, which are not seen in modern Europeans.

However, these events would lead to admixture or introgression of segments several hundred or thousand years old, and our admixture dates for both Native American ancestry and African ancestry point to gene flow within the last 20 generations and is not consistent with any known historical migrations within Europe during this time period. Correlations between state population proportions and mean ancestry proportions suggest that the numbers of African and Native American individuals in a state might have shaped the ancestries of present-day individuals.

For African Americans, the states with the highest mean levels of African ancestry, such as South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida are not those with the highest proportions of African Americans. Given the highly significant statistics in European Americans, surprisingly, in African Americans, the correlation of African ancestry with proportions of African Americans is only marginally significant p value 0.

The correlation of Native American ancestry in African Americans with Latino state population proportion also has a marginal p value of 0. Not all correlations are strongly significant, suggesting that other social or cultural factors influenced levels of ancestry, especially in African Americans. The transitions between Latino, African American, and European American self-reported identity by proportions of African and Native American ancestry illustrate both the complexity of how one self identifies as well as the overlapping ancestry profiles among groups Figure 5 B.

This work demonstrates that the legacy of population migrations and interactions over the last several hundred years is visible in the genetic ancestry of modern individuals living in the US. Our results suggest that genetic ancestry can be leveraged to augment historical records and inform cultural processes shaping modern populations.

Though the majority of European Americans in our study did not carry Native American or African ancestry, even a small proportion of this large population that carry non-European ancestry translates into millions of European Americans who carry African and Native American ancestry.

Our results suggest that the early US history, beginning in the 17 th century around 12 generations ago , might have been a time of many population interactions resulting in admixture. Large sample sizes, high-density genotype data, and accurate and robust local ancestry estimates allowed us to discern subtle differences in genetic ancestry.

In spite of present-day high mobility of individuals, the genetic ancestry of present-day individuals recapitulates historical migration events, known settlement patterns, and admixture processes. Our findings can inform medical genetic studies. Introgressed Native American and African haplotypes in European Americans might have implications for studies of complex diseases, especially for diseases that vary in prevalence among ancestral populations, can produce subtle population structure that should be carefully controlled for in GWASs, and might impact the distribution of rare variants in studies of whole-genome sequence.

Our results also suggest new avenues for research, such as the potential for including European Americans in admixture mapping. We thank the customers of 23andMe who answered surveys and participated in this research. We are grateful to Dr.

Jeffrey C. Long at the University of New Mexico, Dr. We thank Nick Patterson and Priya Moorjani for helpful statistical discussions on f statistics. Of course, all mistakes and inaccuracies are our own. Am J Hum Genet. Durand , 2 J.

Mountain 2. Eric Y. Durand 2 23andMe, Inc. Michael Macpherson. Joanna L. Mountain 2 23andMe, Inc. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Katarzyna Bryc: moc. Received Sep 17; Accepted Nov Document S2.

Article plus Supplemental Data. Abstract Over the past years, North America has been the site of ongoing mixing of Native Americans, European settlers, and Africans brought largely by the trans-Atlantic slave trade , shaping the early history of what became the United States. Introduction Over the last several hundred years, the United States has been the site of ongoing mixing of peoples of continental populations that were previously separated by geography.

Genotyping Participants were genotyped as described previously. Research Cohorts 23andMe customers were invited to fill out web-based questionnaires, including questions on ancestry and ethnicity, on state of birth, and current zip code of residence. Self-Reported Ancestry It is important to note that ancestry, ethnicity, identity, and race are complex labels that result both from visible traits, such as skin color, and from cultural, economic, geographical, and social factors.

Validation of Self-Reported Identity Survey Results To verify that our self-reported ethnicities were reliable, we examined the consistency of ethnicity survey responses when individuals completed both ancestry and ethnicity surveys. Geographic Location Collection Self-reported state-of-birth survey data was available for 47, customers of 23andMe. Ancestry Analyses Ancestry Composition We apply Ancestry Composition, a three-step pipeline that efficiently and accurately identifies the ancestral origin of chromosomal segments in admixed individuals, which is described in Durand et al.

Generating the Distribution of Ancestry Tracts We generate ancestry segments as defined as continuous blocks of ancestry, estimating the best guess of ancestry at each window to define segments of each ancestry. Sex Bias in Ancestry Contributions Sex bias in ancestry contributions, often assessed through ancestry of mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroups, is also manifested in unequal estimates of ancestry proportions on the X chromosome, which has an inheritance pattern that differs between males and females.

Logistic Regression Modeling of Self-Identity We examine the probabilistic relationship between self-identity and genetically inferred ancestry. Validation of Non-European Ancestry in African Americans and European Americans Although our Ancestry Composition estimates are well calibrated and have been shown to accurately estimate African, European, and Native American ancestry in tests of precision and recall, 33 we were concerned that low levels of non-European ancestry in European Americans that we detected might represent an artifact of Ancestry Composition.

Comparison with Genomes Project Consensus Estimates Comparisons of our estimates with those published by the Genomes Consortium show the high consistency across populations and individuals. Estimates of African and Native American Ancestry in Europeans We looked at whether all individuals who are expected to carry solely European ancestry also have similar rates of detection of non-European ancestry.

Distribution of Ancestry Segment Start Positions Regions of the genome that have structural variation or show strong linkage disequilibrium LD have been shown both to confound admixture mapping and to influence the detection of population substructure in studies using Principal Components Analysis PCA.

Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Correlations with Population Proportions We find that levels of Native American and African ancestry in 23andMe customers in each state are significantly correlated with the proportion of African Americans and Latinos in each state Figures S11—S Discussion Selection of Populations The ancestries of 23andMe customers, and therefore the demographics of the database used for this study, largely reflect the demographics of the US, as tallied in the US census.

Patterns of Genetic Ancestry of Self-Reported Latinos We estimated that Iberian ancestry composes as much as a third of the European ancestry in Latinos in Florida, New Mexico, and other parts of the Southwest, probably reflecting either early Spanish influence and rule in these regions or recent immigration from Latin America, which might also be associated with higher levels of Iberian ancestry in New York and New Jersey.

Patterns of Genetic Ancestry of Self-Reported European Americans Our estimated rates of non-European ancestry in European Americans suggest that more than six million Americans, who self-identify as European, might carry African ancestry. Robust Estimates of African and Native American Ancestry in African Americans and European Americans Several lines of evidence suggest that Native American and African segments represent true signals of Native American and African introgression that occurred after the transcontinental migrations beginning in the s.

Correlations with Population Proportions Correlations between state population proportions and mean ancestry proportions suggest that the numbers of African and Native American individuals in a state might have shaped the ancestries of present-day individuals. Conclusion This work demonstrates that the legacy of population migrations and interactions over the last several hundred years is visible in the genetic ancestry of modern individuals living in the US.

Acknowledgments We thank the customers of 23andMe who answered surveys and participated in this research. Notes Published: December 18, Supplemental Data Document S1.

Article plus Supplemental Data: Click here to view. References 1. Moreno-Estrada A. Human genetics. The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits.

Parra E. Admixture in North America. In: Suarez-Kurtz G. Pharmacogenomics in Admixed Populations. Landes Bioscience; Austin: Estimating African American admixture proportions by use of population-specific alleles.

Smith M. A high-density admixture map for disease gene discovery in african americans. Ancestral proportions and admixture dynamics in geographically defined African Americans living in South Carolina. Lind J. Elevated male European and female African contributions to the genomes of African American individuals. Salas A. Shipwrecks and founder effects: divergent demographic histories reflected in Caribbean mtDNA. Tishkoff S. The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans.

Bryc K. Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans. Kidd J. Population genetic inference from personal genome data: impact of ancestry and admixture on human genomic variation. Maples B.

RFMix: a discriminative modeling approach for rapid and robust local-ancestry inference. Dipierri J. Paternal directional mating in two Amerindian subpopulations located at different altitudes in northwestern Argentina. Green L. Mendizabal I. Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba. BMC Evol. Marrero A. Pre- and post-Columbian gene and cultural continuity: the case of the Gaucho from southern Brazil. Sans M. Unequal contributions of male and female gene pools from parental populations in the African descendants of the city of Melo, Uruguay.

Carvajal-Carmona L. Genetic demography of antioquia colombia and the central valley of costa rica. Admixture studies in Latin America: from the 20th to the 21st century. Wang S. Geographic patterns of genome admixture in Latin American Mestizos. PLoS Genet. Seldin M. Multiracial Americans were one of the population groups that were more likely to change their racial identification between the two decennial census years.

The age structure of the Black population has also changed since As of , the median age of single-race, non-Hispanic Black people is 35, compared with 30 in The median age for the entire Black population is 32, though it varies across the differing identities among the Black population.

Among Black Hispanic people, it is 22 years. Meanwhile, multiracial Black people are the youngest group, with a median age of Black population are members of Generation Z — born between and and ages 7 to 22 in A further one-in-ten were under the age of 7 that year.

Black population is age 22 or younger. Regionally, the share of the national Black population living in the South has grown. Meanwhile, somewhat higher shares lived the Midwest and Northeast in than in The growth of the Black population in the South suggests a departure from previous Black migration patterns.

The first half of the 20th century featured increasing shares of the population residing in regions of the U. Consequently, each decade featured decreasing shares of the Black population living in the South.

Starting in , shares of the Black population who live in the South have grown. With more than 3. Florida has the second largest population at 3. Other top states of residence include New York 3. Although the top five states of residence have remained the same for Black people as in , the order shifted substantially, with New York and California dropping from the two largest to fourth and fifth in In , New York 3.

Top states of residence differ by racial subgroup. Notably, Texas, New York and Florida make the top five for all subgroups. The metropolitan area with greatest number of Black people is the New York metropolitan area, with roughly 3.

The New York City area has been the top urban center since at least for Black people, though other metro areas are on the rise. In , the Atlanta metropolitan area came in a distant second, with 2.

By comparison, in , the Chicago metropolitan area had the second largest Black metro population and Atlanta had the fourth largest. The New York City metropolitan area has the largest Black population across the three Black racial and ethnic subgroups, but the other top large metropolitan areas differ across categories. However, the top metropolitan areas for multiracial Black people and Black Hispanics differ. The number of Black adults with a college degree or more education has more than doubled since That number grew to 6.

Notably, the share of the Black population with at least a college degree has risen at a similar rate to that of the general population. There were differences in educational attainment in among different subgroups of the Black population. The share of Black adults 25 and older without a high school diploma or its equivalent, such as a GED certificate has dropped substantially — by more than half — since In numbers, 2.

Black immigrants are mostly from just two regions of the world. Since , the U. Black population has not seen significant increases in median household income. But household income of Black households varies. The shares represent an improvement over the distribution of Black household income in Income inequality within the Black population remains one of the widest within a major racial or ethnic group.

In , Black-headed households with income in the 90th percentile among the population of Black households earned 14 times that of Black households with income in the 10th percentile. The 90th percentile of households in the overall population, by contrast, earned 12 times that of households with incomes in the 10th percentile.

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Unless otherwise noted, adults are those who are ages 18 and older. For this analysis, Generation Z is defined as those ages 7 to 22 in Measuring racial and ethnic identity Racial identity — as measured by the U.