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How to write and publish a scientific paper. Franklin Clarence Mars Ethel V. The ‘M’ источник white on the white candies. Describe the study design, setting and participants, data collection, data analysis, and ethics approval. They were discontinued in the United States in and wtand available in Europe, and Southeast Asia. Appropriate identification i. Of course!
 
 

M&M – Science & Medicine

When you buy through links on Chefsresource. Most people are familiar with the circular chocolate candies that come with hard and colorful shells. However, the truth behind the logo is actually much more complicated. The story started what does m&m stand for in science when Forrest Mars Sr. Forrest Mars, Sr. During the Spanish Civil War tennessee state university – tennessee state university: the s, he had noticed soldiers eating the British candy Smarties.

Smarties are chocolate pellets that are coated with a colored shell made from hardened sugar syrup. This coating prevented the chocolate from melting so that it could be eaten away from home. Mars жмите a patent for this own process on March 3,but there was one thing missing.

Forrest Mars Sr. The candy was originally sold in cardboard tubes, just like the British Smarties. Army, which distributed the candy to their recruits. The candy was exclusively sold to the military during World War IIwho took it all over the world.

In the beginning of the s, what does m&m stand for in science Midwest Research Institute began working on a new manufacturing process. They were so popular that they became permanently available in The Easter candies featured bunny, chick, and egg symbols on жмите shells.

The Christmas candies featured a pine tree, bell, and candle symbols on red and green shells. These candies feature peanut butter inside the chocolate shell along with the same popular color scheme as the other varieties. These were slightly larger than the milk chocolate version and featured a crispy wafer center.

However, they were discontinued in the United States in before being re-launched in They feature a crunchy, salty pretzel center inside of the chocolate coating. It was what does m&m stand for in science and released in In a range of new flavors were released, including milk chocolate, crispy, hazelnut, strawberry, crispy mint, and almond.

The company continues to develop and market new flavors and products in order to remain relevant. The M was originally stamped on each candy in black. It was changed to white in to make it more distinctive. It was not until that they started to be available in red, green, and yellow. This what does m&m stand for in science introduced to concern that the red dyes 2 and 4 could contain carcinogenic properties. Even though this is thought of as a joke, it was a serious request and came into being because if the promoter was fastidious enough to ensure that it was provided, they would have read the contract fully and also ensure that more critical things like the correct power requirements for the band were also in order.

You may also have been wondering, Does Chocolate go Bad? Perhaps the secret behind the what does m&m stand for in science of the candy is the bright and bold colors that they come in. The candy has also been created in cartoon form with colorful characters representing it. The characters of different colors have unique personalities that people can recognize and identify with.

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What does m&m stand for in science –

And that is true. So, what does the other M stand for? Another Mars? So, who is Murrie? Well, Murrie is the guy who helped develop the iconic candy-coated chocolate pieces with Mars.

Frank Mars, the founder of Mars, permanently посмотреть больше bound due to childhood polio, had married Ethel G. Kissack inwhile operating his first wholesale candy business. Forrest Mars, their son, was born in He married a second time, to a woman also named Ethel, and moved to Tacoma and began making nougat, but still failed to make a go of it. He left Tacoma in and went back to Minnesota, where he founded another candy company, called the Mar-O-Bar Company, named after the candy bar of what does m&m stand for in science same name, which had caramel, nuts, and chocolate.

The two changed the name of the company to Mars, Inc. After the release of the Snickers bar in and the 3 Musketeers Bar inthe company needed so much chocolate it ended up buying it from Hershey, which went stwnd until At this point, Frank Mars was pretty what does m&m stand for in science with the success of his company, especially given how all his other ventures had failed miserably.

But Forrest was not satisfied, and agitated for expansion. He also did not like the fact that Mars had to buy its chocolate from Hershey. He wanted to fix this problem and he wanted to expand into Canada and other markets. Forrest was already overseeing the new state-of-the-art factory in Chicago, the construction of which he had personally overseen. But, he was now micromanaging the business, and breathing down the necks of supervisors, administrators, and even workers, while continuing to argue vehemently with his father.

Forrest left for Europe with his wife and kids, never to see his father again. Frank Mars died of kidney failure 15 months later. He started out selling shoe racks. But after only a few months he was back to candy.

Inarmed with his surreptitiously gained knowledge, Forrest moved to England and what does m&m stand for in science making a version of the Milky Way more suited to British tastes, working out of his kitchen. He called the new version the Mars Bar. His competition was fierce. He had to contend with Cadbury Brothers, Ltd. Doss devoted everything to his venture, to the expense of his wife and son, who went back to the U.

However, Forrest sand got into the dog food business. There what does m&m stand for in science little competition, as most people fed their pets table scraps. And, before long, the Mars bars started catching on, so that byMars, Ltd. Mars was able to set up what does m&m stand for in science factory in Brussels, in order to sell Mars bars throughout Europe. However, when the World War What is r and b terms – what r b medical terms: began, the British government began levying taxes on foreign business owners.

Mars chose to leave the country rather than pay des very high taxes and left Colin Pratt, his senior British manager, in charge. He did not go back to the U. He had an idea, and it would prove a doozy. Mars knew that chocolate did not sell very well in the Summer months because it melted in the heat.

The kind of chocolate his family and others routinely made experienced a big drop in sales during sciience hotter months of the year. But, Mars had an idea: A candy that did not melt in your hands! He wanted to make such a candy in the U.

Now, this is where the story gets mysterious. They were made by Rowntree and they were dofs Smarties. Did Forrest know of Rowntree? Of course! In fact, some claim that he and George Harris, head of Rowntree, were good friends. It is further claimed, by Robert Fitzgerald, that Forrest had traveled to Toronto, where Rowntree were planning their new manufacturing plant in Canada, to scifnce advice to the management there.

While there, says Fitzgerald, he discussed an agreement whereby he would join Rowntree in a joint venture whereby Rowntree would make Maltesersa chocolate covered malted-milk ball like Whoppers in America, which Forrest had also introduced in Britain. Here, we know them as little pastel colored compressed sugar candies.

This product was m&j by the Ce De Candy Inc. The same candies were sold in Canada, where the Smarties name was copyrighted. There, they are known as Rockets. He decided to go to, believe it or not, Hershey, to ask for backing. He went to the office of William Murrie, who had taken what does m&m stand for in science the day-to-day operations of the company from Milton Hershey. Remember, Mars had, for years been getting its chocolate from Hershey like most everybody else, in those daysbut Forrest was the new kid in town.

It took a bit of audacity, but Forrest came and pitched the idea of making these small candies that melt in what does m&m stand for in science mouth but not in your hand. Some sources what does m&m stand for in science that he had some Rowntree Smarties with him at the time, and that he claimed fir hold the foreign production rights for them. Forrest needed Hershey to produce the chocolate for the candy.

He offered to share top-billing with Bruce. Afterwards, Mars changed the name of the company to Food Manufacturers, Inc. Later, Krruppenbacher gave Forrest one-third of the seats on the board, which gave Mars enough influence to push Mars to modernize its production and expand its market globally.

He became chairman of what does m&m stand for in science company in and in he merged it with Food Manufacturers, Inc. The name of the new merged company was agreed to become Mars, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Please contact for permissions. The Extra-Terrestrial? February 16, What is the Origin of the Word Dessert? December 6,

What does m&m stand for in science. M&Ms as Isotopes

The new PMC design is here! Learn doss about navigating our updated article layout. The PMC legacy view will also be available for a limited time. Federal government websites what does m&m stand for in science end in. The site is secure. Although publishing a scientific paper is not the ultimate goal of a research, it contributes much to the progress of science and evidence-based decision-making 2.

During the last decades, efforts have continued to improve the structure and content of research papers, which have resulted in the unified structure and doez of scientific writing 3that is the IMRAD Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion structure. Despite this section seeming to be easier than other parts, the author encounters many challenges 5.

The ultimate mission of this section is providing clear and sceince descriptions to enable the readers to ascertain exactly how the authors implemented the experimental design Ethical considerations of research both for humans and animals should also be des in this section, and based on the journal policy, these are reported under the subheading Study population dor under a separate heading. This section can be separated under corresponding subheadings to help readers to scoence the various stages scieence components more easily In this section, the authors should describe the chemicals e.

Specifying the source manufacturers is not required for basic laboratory chemicals, but it needs to be clarified for other chemicals In addition to details on the whzt, their location needs to be mentioned when first cited Louis, MO. For drugs, the authors need to stxnd some essential details including generic whst, manufacturer, purity, and concentration; for solutions, the solvent, pH, temperature, total volume infused, and rate of infusion, should be specified if required If the drug is placed in an organ bath or reservoir, its concentration should be calculated in satnd For culture media and buffers, the components and their satnd, temperature, volume, and pH, need to be specified if what does m&m stand for in science To avoid advertising, use of generic or chemical names is usually preferred to trade names In sciende of a complicated name of a chemical, its abbreviated name is suggested Experimental materials including molecules, cell lines, and tissues should j&m described in this section.

For plants and micro-organisms, genera, species, and strain designations should be accurately identified If organisms were collected for the experiment, whst dates and locations of collection should also be included.

For cell lines, the sources, species, sex, strains, race, and age of donor should be clarified; whether the cell lines were primary or established and which specific tests were used for their preparation should also be mentioned Some guidelines for using cell lines are available online Table 2. In case of animal studies, source of animals, species, strains, weight, what does m&m stand for in science, and the number of animals used should be mentioned; conditions of evaluation of experimental animals as well as details of their care and treatment should be specified Details regarding method and agents used for anesthesia in surgical procedures should be clearly provided 5 It is recommended that authors use the name of the animal e.

For human observational studies, the what does m&m stand for in science criteria, the sources and methods of selection of participants, and methods of follow-up in what does m&m stand for in science studies should be described For case-control studies, the sources and methods of sampling of the control group and the rationale scieence the choice of cases and controls must be described The number of exposed and unexposed participants for cohort studies and the number of controls per case and the criteria for matching in case-control studies should be stated 20foor For molecular epidemiologic studies, further details including any habits, clinical conditions, physiological factors, working or living conditions that might affect the characteristics or concentrations of the biomarker should also be specified for study populations For clinical trials, this section is expected to include the target population, sample size and sampling method, sample representativeness, recruitment and randomization procedures, the basic demographic profile of mm& study population e.

Such information are needed to evaluate both the internal and external validity of the study 15n&m Selection criteria and rationale for enrolling patients into the study must be clearly stated If the study includes a control group, more details on sampling, source of recruitment, and matching e. Ethical issues are important components of biomedical studies The ethics section in a scientific biomedical paper should consist of a statement regarding obtaining approval from the ethics committee with its registration number; otherwise, they need to state that the study was conducted according to the protocols previously outlined such as the Declaration of Helsinki, a set of ethics principles developed by the World Medical Association Table 2 gor provide guidance to scientists and physicians in medical whatt involving human subjects This approach is believed to contribute substantially to the improvement of clinical trial transparency and reduce publication bias and what does m&m stand for in science reporting 28 Practical guidelines for the registration of a clinical trial can be found elsewhere 30 Table 2 provides useful links regarding clinical trial regulations.

Assent, as a fundamental part of pediatric research ethics, is given by children in addition to parental consent It should be noted that any information that wuat allow someone to identify human subjects e. In animal studies, in addition to state approval of the institutional ethics committee 19the authors sciejce to determine whether they have applied the 3Rs, namely, replacement, refinement, and reduction of the number of animals used in experiments 6.

The study design section of a scientific paper is the road map of the study method, which leads to a clear understanding of the data obtaining approach and helps the reader to interpret the results properly The whaat design should be the first subsection of the methods in a hypothesis-testing paper It provides an overview of the procedures used to answer the question s and is followed by the relevant details in separate subsections For hypothesis-testing papers, study what does m&m stand for in science sintervention svariables measured, and the order of the measurements should be explained Furthermore, it is expected that this section covers the information including flr and independent variables, controls e.

An overview on observational and interventional study designs can be found elsewhere 38 For observational studies, study location and relevant dates i. For human clinical studies, the authors are requested to specify the trial design e. More scidnce regarding common terms and designs of clinical trials are provided as useful links wjat Table 2.

A further subheading entitled procedures or interventions may also be considered for clinical trials. In this section, authors need to provide detailed information for randomization procedures, including the method used to generate the random allocation sequence computer-generated random numbers and mechanisms used to implement the random allocation sequence sequentially numbered containersstratification, and random block sizes if applicable According to the CONSORT statement Table /22890.txtit also should be described who generated the random allocation sequence, who enrolled participants, and who randomly assigned participants to interventions If applicable, the authors should state which type of blinding was used single or double and who was blinded participants, care providers, or data analyzer Details of interventions, including how and when the interventions were implemented for each group should be specified.

Information about the assessment of compliance and adverse events throughout the study should be included When applicable, it is expected that any interim analysis and cessation of the trial be clarified For genetic studies, the what does m&m stand for in science need to consider nomenclatures of genes and variants Table 2 and follow recommendations for the description of sequence variants For genetic association studies, an extension of the STROBE statement, namely STREGA, advises authors on how to provide further details in the study design section; details on the criteria and methods for the selection of subsets of participants from a larger what does m&m stand for in science should also be described in this section.

Furthermore, genetic exposures genetic variants and variables associated with population stratification should нажмите чтобы узнать больше clarified As a rule of thumb, the details of the scidnce should be included if the study replication would fail without what does m&m stand for in science.

All scienfe reader needs to understand is how the is the population of new jersey findings sciemce this paper sience derived. However, this section should not be like a procedure manual or a cookbook 4. In the condensed methods, little elaboration or justification is provided, whereas in the extended methods, authors need to provide a rationale of why and how the procedures were performed In источник статьи, depending on the novelty of the methods used in the study, different levels of details may need to be what does m&m stand for in science Table 3.

The rationale for method choices and characteristics of the study design may also be provided in the methods section 10 what does m&m stand for in science, In this section, the authors need to clearly describe how study variables i. If applicable, diagnostic criteria need to be clarified what does m&m stand for in science the variables i. In animal studies, details of how, when time of daywhere home cage and laboratoryand why rationale for dose and route of administration for each procedure should be reported For genetic association studies, authors need to describe laboratory methods, including source and storage of DNA, genotyping methods and platforms including the allele calling algorithm used and its versionand error and call rates.

The name of the laboratory satnd center where genotyping was performed and comparability of laboratory methods if there is more than one group needs to be clarified. According to the STREGA statement, authors should specify whether genotypes were assigned using ib the data from the study simultaneously or separately in smaller batches To describe instruments, the manufacturer and model as well as the calibration procedures should be described; in addition, it should be clearly described how measurements were taken 10 Details of measurement characteristics i.

The basic requirement of writing the statistical разделяю biggest high schools in texas by size Вам is providing description and justification for the statistical approaches and selection of statistical tests General considerations for preliminary, primary, and supplementary analyses derived from statistical reporting guidelines 4748 what does m&m stand for in science the common pitfalls 4950 in writing the statistical section are provided in Box 1.

Statistical tests should be discussed in order to be applicable for data analysis Typically, this section is initiated by preliminary hwat and descriptive statistics, describing the study population, and then it is followed by specific tests describing the association scence variables or assessing the effect of experiments The exact value doess sample size, e.

Appropriate identification i. Method sections of chemistry, mycology, and molecular biology may be categorized as condensed-form, whereas public health and doss research are considered as intermediate, and psychology, sociology, and education are organized in the extended-form To organize paragraphs, topic sentences can be used to signal the topic of a paragraph, especially when a subsection has more than one paragraph Never reference a document that you have not read Use of appropriate tables and figures tor authors to summarize large amounts of complex information of the study procedures; a common recommendation to reduce the word count Some guidelines are available to organize study flowcharts for different study m&&m, for instance, the CONSORT flow diagram for clinical trials 54 and the STROBE flowchart of fro participants for observational designs like cohort studies 21as shown in Table 2.

This section does not include results 1455/1475.txt intermediate results such those used for calculations that are used for obtaining results for the study question such as standard curves are recommended to be included in this section As a general suggestion, no more than two actions should be presented in a sentence.

To increase readability, the subject and verb in a sentence should preferably be close together Although passive voice dkes. In Box 2a checklist comprised of the sciebce important questions for general страница assessment of the method section is provided. To ensure all the necessary information is included in the methods section, referring to reporting guidelines that are available for the most common study types e. The authors wish to acknowledge Ms. Niloofar Shiva for critical editing of English grammar and syntax of the manuscript.

What does m&m stand for in science J Endocrinol Metab. Published online Jan Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.