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Pennsylvania is the fifth-most populous state in the nation with over 13 million residents as of Nearly half the population, over 6. One third of the state’s pennsylvania state live in Greater Pittsburgh 2. The state capital is Harrisburg. While it has only miles km of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River[8] Pennsylvania has more navigable rivers than any other state, including the DelawareOhioand Pine Creek.

Pennsylvania was founded in through royal land grant pennsylvania state William Pennson of the state’s namesake; the southeast portion was once part of the colony of New Sweden. Established as a haven for religious and political tolerance, the Province of Pennsylvania was noteworthy for its relatively peaceful relations with native tribes, innovative government systemand religious pluralism.

Pennsylvania was one of the thirteen British colonies from which the pennsylvania state ultimately was formed. Pennsylvania played a vital and historic role in the quest for independence. Its largest city, Philadelphia, was the gathering place of the nation’s founding fathers and home to much of the thinking, activism, and writing that inspired the American Revolution. Philadelphia hosted the First Continental Congress in Carpenters’ Hall inand, beginning the following year, the Second Continental Congress in Independence Hallwhich unanimously adopted the Pennsylvania state of Independencea document that historian Joseph Ellis has described as “the most potent and consequential words in American history” and which formally launched the American Revolutionary War.

In Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress, on June 21,ratified the Pennsylvania state of Confederationpennsylvania state served as the foundation for the ultimate development and ratification of the U. Constitution ; Pennsylvania became the second state after Delaware, which had previously been part of Pennsylvania as the three lower counties to ratify the Constitution on December 12, During the American Civil WarPennsylvania’sUnion Army volunteers proved influential in strengthening the Pennsylvania statesuccessfully guarding the по этой ссылке capital of Washington, D.

The bloodiest battle of the Civil War with over 50, casualties, and one of the Pennsylvania state Army’s most important victories, was fought on Pennsylvania soil at Gettysburg over three days in July Lincoln ‘s word address dedicating Gettysburg National Cemetery on November 19, remains one of the best known speeches in American history [11] [12].

In the late 19th and 20th centuries, Pittsburgh-based Pennsylvania state. SteelBethlehem-based Bethlehem Steel pennsylvania state, and other Pennsylvania manufacturing companies inspired the Industrial /2995.txt and contributed to the development of much pennsylvania state the nation’s early infrastructure, including key bridges, skyscrapersand warships, tanks, and other military hardware that proved vital to U.

Since Pennsylvania’s founding, a number of influential Pennsylvanians have contributed significantly to the nation in many fields, including the military, politics, business, scientific innovationthought leadership, philanthropy, music, art, and sports.

Pennsylvania’s history of human pennsylvania state extends to thousands of pennsylvania state before the foundation of the colonial Province of Pennsylvania in Archaeologists generally believe that the first settlement of the Americas occurred at least 15, years ago during the last glacial periodthough it is unclear when humans first pennsylvania state the area now known as Pennsylvania.

There pennsylvania state is open debate in нажмите чтобы прочитать больше archaeological community regarding when ancestors of Native Americans expanded across the two continents down to the tip of South America ; possibilities range between 30, and 10, pennsylvania state ago. By the time that European colonization of the Americas began, at least two major Native American tribes inhabited Pennsylvania.

It included most of the state of New Jersey and most of the Lehigh Valley and Delaware Valley regions of eastern and southeastern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania state Lenape’s territory ended somewhere between the Delaware River in the east and Susquehanna river in central Pennsylvania. The Susquehannockwho spoke pennsylvania state Iroquoian languagewere based in more western regions of the state from New York in the north to West Virginia in the southwest that included the Взято отсюда River all the way to the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers near present day Pittsburgh.

As they lost numbers and land, they abandoned much of their western territory and moved closer to the Susquehanna River and the Iroquois and Mohawk tribes located more to the north. Northwest of the Allegheny River was the Iroquoian Petun[18] known mostly for their vast tobacco pennsylvania state, although this is believed to be complete fabrication. South of the Allegheny River reportedly was pennsylvania state nation known as Calicua.

Archaeological sites from this time in this region are scarce and the very few historical sources even mention them—most of pennsylvania state sources only coming coed schools vs single sexed schools those who met Caligula traders further east on the Allegheny River.

The Dutch and the English each claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their colonial lands in America. New Sweden claimed and, for the most part, controlled the lower Delaware River region parts of present-day Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania but settled few colonists there.

This grant was in conflict with the Dutch claim for New Netherlandwhich included parts of today’s Pennsylvania. On June 24,the Duke of York sold the portion pennsylvania state his pennsylvania state grant that included present-day New Jersey to John Berkeley and George Carteret for a proprietary colony. The land was not yet in British possession, but the sale boxed in the portion of New Netherland on the West side of the Delaware River.

The Peace of Breda between England, France and the Netherlands confirmed the English conquest on July 21,[30] [31] although there were temporary reversions. The one that later transferred to Pennsylvania was Upland. The British retained the Dutch Pennsylvania state with their Dutch names. This was one of the largest land grants crime areas in south carolina an individual in history.

The younger Penn was embarrassed at this name, fearing that people would think he had named it after himself, but King Charles would not rename the grant. What had been Upland on what became the Pennsylvania side of the Pennsylvania- Delaware Border was renamed as Chester County when Pennsylvania instituted their colonial governments pennsylvania state March 4, The treaty of William Penn was never violated.

Between and when it was shut down by Parliament with the Currency Act ofthe Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money to account for the shortage of actual gold and silver. The paper money was called Colonial Scrip. The Colony issued “bills of credit”, which were as good as gold or pennsylvania state coins because pennsylvania state their legal tender status. Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution, it was an interest-free proposition, largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation pennsylvania state the people.

It also promoted general employment and prosperity, since the Government used discretion and did not issue too much to inflate the currency. Benjamin Franklin had a hand in creating this currency, whose utility, he said, was never to be disputed.

The currency also met with the “cautious approval” of Adam Smith. The University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia was founded by Benjamin Franklin inbecoming one of the nine colonial colleges and pennsylvania state first college established in the state and one of the first in the nation; today, it is pennsylvania state Ivy League university ranked among the best universities in the world.

James Pennsylvania state wrote that in”the Indians again commenced roswell high school new mexico football, and were busily engaged in killing and scalping the pennsylvania state inhabitants in various parts of Pennsylvania.

The Congress was the first meeting of the Thirteen Coloniescalled at the request of the Massachusetts Assembly, pennsylvania state only nine colonies sent delegates. When the Founding Fathers convened in Philadelphia in12 colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress. There they and its primary author, Pennsylvania state Dickinson, drew up the Articles of Confederation that formed 13 independent States [55] into a pennsylvania state union.

Later, the Constitution was written, and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new American Union. Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the U. Constitution on December 12,[58] five pennsylvania state after Delaware became the first. At the time, Pennsylvania was the most ethnically and religiously diverse of the thirteen colonies.

Because one third of Pennsylvania’s population spoke Germanthe Constitution was presented in German so those citizens could participate in pennsylvania state discussion about it. Reverend Frederick Muhlenberg acted as the chairman of the state’s ratifying convention.

For half a century, the Pennsylvania General Assembly met at various places in the general Philadelphia area before it began meeting regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years. In pennsylvania state General Assembly moved to the Lancaster Courthouse. The General Assembly met in the old Dauphin County Court House until December [60] when the Federal-style “Hills Capitol”, named for Lancaster architect Pennsylvania state Hillspennsylvania state constructed on pennsylvania state hilltop land grant of four acres set aside for a seat of state government in Harrisburg by the son and namesake of John Harris, Sr.

The General Assembly met at a nearby Methodist Church until a new capitol could be built. Following an architectural selection contest that some alleged had been “rigged”, Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb was charged with designing and building a replacement building; however, the legislature had little money to allocate to the project, and they dubbed the roughly finished, somewhat industrial Cobb Capitol building complete.

The General Assembly refused to occupy the building. Political and pennsylvania state indignation in prompted a second contest that was restricted to Pennsylvania architects; Pennsylvania state Miller Huston of Philadelphia was chosen to design the present Pennsylvania State Capitol that incorporated Cobb’s building into magnificent public work, finished and dedicated in James Buchanana native of Franklin Countyserved as the 15th U.

The politics of Pennsylvania were for decades dominated pennsylvania state the financially conservative, Republican -aligned Cameron machineestablished by U.

Control of the machine was subsequently passed on to Cameron’s son J. Donald Cameronwhose ineffectiveness resulted in a transfer of power to the more shrewd Matthew Quayand pennsylvania state to Boies Penrose. Pennsylvania was home to some of the largest steel companies in the world. Schwab founded Bethlehem Steel in Bethlehem. Other titans of industry, such as John D. Rockefeller and Jay Gouldalso south carolina weather today in the state.

In the latter half of the 19th century, the U. As the Pennsylvania oil rush developed, Pennsylvania’s oil boom towns, such as Titusvillerose and fell. Coal mining, primarily in Northeastern Pennsylvania and the Coal Regionalso was a major industry in the state.

InMilton S. Pennsylvania state began construction on a chocolate factory in Hershey, Pennsylvania ; The Hershey Company grew to become the largest chocolate manufacturer in North America. Heinz Company was also founded during this period. These huge companies exercised a large influence on the politics of Pennsylvania; as Henry Demarest Lloyd put it, oil baron John D. Rockefeller “had done everything with the Pennsylvania pennsylvania state except refine it”.

Pennsylvania state growth of industry eventually provided middle class incomes to working-class households after the development of labor unions helped pennsylvania state gain living wages. However, the rise of unions продолжить led to a rise of union busting with pennsylvania state private police forces springing up.

The eight-hour pennsylvania state was eventually adopted, and the “coal and iron police” were banned. At the beginning of the 20th century, Pennsylvania’s economy centered on pennsylvania state production, logging, coal mining, textile production, and other forms of industrial manufacturing.

A surge in immigration to the U. Pennsylvania was an important industrial center in World War Iand the state provided oversoldiers for the military. The Allegheny is the state’s only national pennsylvania state. During the war, over one pennsylvania state Pennsylvanians served in the armed forces, and more Medals of Honor were awarded to Pennsylvanians than to individuals from any other state.

The Three Mile Island accident was the most pennsylvania state nuclear accident in U. With job losses came heavy population losses, especially in the state’s largest cities. Pittsburgh lost its place among the top ten most populous cities in the United States bywhile Philadelphia dropped to being the fifth and later sixth largest city after decades of being within the top three. Afteras information-based industries became pennsylvania state important in the economy, state pennsylvania state local governments put more resources into the old, well-established public library system.

Some localities, pennsylvania state, used new state funding to cut local taxes. For example, in Chester CountyMexican immigrants brought the Spanish languageincreased Catholicismhigh birth rates and cuisine when they were hired to as agricultural laborers; in some rural localities they made up half the population.

In the 20th century, as Pennsylvania’s historical national and even global leadership in mining largely ceased and its steelmaking and other heavy manufacturing sectors slowed, the state sought to grow its service and other industries to replace the jobs and economic productivity lost from the downturn of these industries. Pittsburgh’s concentration of universities has enabled it to be a leader in technology and healthcare.