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Asia is divided into 48 countries , three of them are trans-continental. Given its large size, Asia has been subdivided on the basis of many factors including cultural, political, etc.

Physiographically, there are five major regions of Asia. Another region can be defined as North Asia to include the bulk of Siberia of Russia and the northeastern parts of Asia. The five main divisions of Asia have been mentioned in detail below. Central Asia is west of China, south of Russia, and north of Afghanistan. The western border of this region runs along the Caspian Sea. Central Asia is politically divided into five countries: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan.

Given that the name of each of these countries ends in “-stan,” Central Asia is sometimes informally referred to as “The Stans. Central Asia played an important role in the transportation of goods between China and Europe during the Silk Road trading era. In the 13th century, however, the Kediri dynasty was overthrown by a revolution, and Singhasari arose in east Java. The domains of this new state expanded under the rule of its warrior-king Kertanegara.

He was killed by a prince of the previous Kediri dynasty, who then established the last great Hindu-Javanese kingdom, Majapahit. With the departure of the Sailendras and the fall of Singhasari, a new Majapahit kingdom appeared in eastern Java, which reverted from Buddhism to Hinduism. By the middle of the 14th century, Majapahit controlled most of Java, Sumatra and the Malay peninsula, part of Borneo , the southern Celebes and the Moluccas. It also exerted considerable influence on the mainland.

The first indigenous kingdom to emerge in Indochina was referred to in Chinese histories as the Kingdom of Funan and encompassed an area of modern Cambodia , and the coasts of southern Vietnam and southern Thailand since the 1st century CE. Funan was an Indianised kingdom , that had incorporated central aspects of Indian institutions, religion, statecraft, administration, culture, epigraphy, writing and architecture and engaged in profitable Indian Ocean trade. By the 2nd century CE, Austronesian settlers had established an Indianised kingdom known as Champa along modern central Vietnam.

The Cham people established the first settlements near modern Champasak in Laos. Funan expanded and incorporated the Champasak region by the sixth century CE, when it was replaced by its successor polity Chenla. Chenla occupied large areas of modern-day Laos as it accounts for the earliest kingdom on Laotian soil.

Wat Phu is a vast temple complex in southern Laos which combined natural surroundings with ornate sandstone structures, which were maintained and embellished by the Chenla peoples until CE, and were subsequently rediscovered and embellished by the Khmer in the 10th century.

Water Chenla , would come under repeated attack from Champa , the Medang sea kingdoms in Indonesia based in Java, and finally pirates. From the instability the Khmer emerged. In the area which is modern northern and central Laos, and northeast Thailand the Mon people established their own kingdoms during the 8th century CE, outside the reach of the contracting Chenla kingdoms.

In the 8th century CE, Sri Gotapura Sikhottabong was the strongest of these early city states, and controlled trade throughout the middle Mekong region.

The city states were loosely bound politically, but were culturally similar and introduced Therevada Buddhism from Sri Lankan missionaries throughout the region. The Malay peninsula was settled by prehistoric people 80, years ago. Another batch of peoples the deutro Malay migrated from southern China within 10, years ago. Upon arrival in the peninsular some of them mix with the Australoid.

This gave the appearance of the Malays. It was suggested that the visiting ancient Dravidians named the peoples of Malaysia peninsular and Sumatera as “Malay ur” meant hills and city based on the geographical terrain of Peninsular Malay and Sumatera. The settlement is believed to be the oldest civilization in Southeast Asia influenced by ancient Indians.

Today, Malaysians of direct Indian descent account for approximately 7 per cent of the total population of Malaysia approximately. Hinduism and Buddhism from India dominated early regional history, reaching their peak during the reign of the Sumatra -based Srivijaya civilisation, whose influence extended through Sumatra , Java , the Malay Peninsula and much of Borneo from the 7th to the 13th centuries, which later gradually defeated and converted to Islam in 14th and 15th century before the European colonisation began in 16th century.

In the first millennium CE, Malays became the dominant race on the peninsula. The small early states that were established were greatly influenced by Indian culture, as was most of Southeast Asia. South Indian culture was spread to Southeast Asia by the south Indian Pallava dynasty in the 4th and 5th century. In ancient Indian literature, the term Suvarnadvipa or the “Golden Peninsula” is used in Ramayana , and some argued that it may be a reference to the Malay Peninsula.

The ancient Indian text Vayu Purana also mentioned a place named Malayadvipa where gold mines may be found, and this term has been proposed to mean possibly Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. He referred to the Straits of Malacca as Sinus Sabaricus. Trade relations with China and India were established in the 1st century BC.

There were numerous Malay kingdoms in the 2nd and 3rd century, as many as 30, mainly based on the Eastern side of the Malay peninsula. In the 5th century, the Kingdom of Pahang was mentioned in the Book of Song. Chinese chronicles of the 5th century CE speak of a great port in the south called Guantoli , which is thought to have been in the Straits of Malacca.

In the 7th century, a new port called Shilifoshi is mentioned, and this is believed to be a Chinese rendering of Srivijaya. Between the 7th and the 13th century, much of the Malay peninsula was under the Buddhist Srivijaya empire. The site of Srivijaya’s centre is thought be at a river mouth in eastern Sumatra , based near what is now Palembang.

The empire was based around trade, with local kings dhatus or community leaders swearing allegiance to the central lord for mutual profit. Kedah—known as Kedaram , Cheh-Cha according to I-Ching or Kataha , in ancient Pallava or Sanskrit —was in the direct route of the invasions and was ruled by the Cholas from A second invasion was led by Virarajendra Chola of the Chola dynasty who conquered Kedah in the late 11th century. The coming of the Chola reduced the majesty of Srivijaya , which had exerted influence over Kedah , Pattani and as far as Ligor.

During the reign of Kulothunga Chola I Chola overlordship was established over the Srivijaya province kedah in the late 11th century. Pattinapalai , a Tamil poem of the 2nd century CE, describes goods from Kedaram heaped in the broad streets of the Chola capital. A 7th-century Indian drama, Kaumudhimahotsva , refers to Kedah as Kataha-nagari. The Agnipurana also mentions a territory known as Anda-Kataha with one of its boundaries delineated by a peak, which scholars believe is Gunung Jerai.

Stories from the Katasaritasagaram describe the elegance of life in Kataha. The Buddhist kingdom of Ligor took control of Kedah shortly after. Its king Chandrabhanu used it as a base to attack Sri Lanka in the 11th century and ruled the northern parts, an event noted in a stone inscription in Nagapattinum in Tamil Nadu and in the Sri Lankan chronicles, Mahavamsa.

At times, the Khmer kingdom, the Siamese kingdom, and even the Chola kingdom tried to exert control over the smaller Malay states. Wars with the Javanese caused it to request assistance from China, and it may have also waged wars with the Indian states.

In the 11th century, the centre of power shifted to Malayu , a port which was possibly located further up the Sumatran coast near the Jambi River. Areas which were converted to Islam early, such as Aceh , broke away from Srivijaya’s control. By the late 13th century, the Siamese kings of Sukhothai had brought most of Malaya under their rule.

In the 14th century, the Hindu Java-based Majapahit empire came into possession of the peninsula. In the 14th century that first Islamic sultanate was established. The adoption of Islam in the 14th century saw the rise of a number of sultanates, the most prominent of which was the Sultanate of Malacca. Islam had a profound influence on the Malay people. The Portuguese were the first European colonial powers to establish themselves on the Malay Peninsula and Southeast Asia , capturing Malacca in , followed by the Dutch in However, it was the British who, after initially establishing bases at Jesselton , Kuching , Penang and Singapore , ultimately secured their hegemony across the territory that is now Malaysia.

A fourth phase of foreign influence was immigration of Chinese and Indian workers to meet the needs of the colonial economy created by the British in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

The Greco-Roman astronomer Ptolemy 90— identified a place called Sabana at the tip of Golden Chersonese believed to be the Malay Peninsula in the second and third century. This is thought to be a transcription from the Malay name ” Pulau Ujong ” , or “island at the end” of the Malay Peninsula. The Nagarakretagama , a Javanese epic poem written in , referred to a settlement on the island called Tumasik possibly meaning ” Sea Town ” or ” Sea Port “.

Sri Tri Buana landed on Temasek on a hunting trip, and saw a strange beast said to be a lion. The prince took this as an auspicious sign and founded a settlement called Singapura, which means “Lion City” in Sanskrit. The actual origin of the name Singapura however is unclear according to scholars. Ban Zu is thought to be present day Fort Canning Hill, and recent excavations in Fort Canning found evidence indicating that Singapore was an important settlement in the 14th century.

Sometime in its history, the name of Temasek was changed to Singapura. According to the tale, the prince saw a strange creature, which he was told was a lion ; believing this to be an auspicious sign, he decided to found a settlement called Singapura, which means “Lion City” in Sanskrit. It is unlikely there ever were lions in Singapore, though tigers continued to roam the island until the early 20th century. However, the lion motif is common in Hindu mythology, which was dominant in the region during that period one of the words for “throne” in the Malay language is “singgasana”, meaning “lion’s seat” in Sanskrit , and it has been speculated that the “Singapura” name, and the tale of the lion, were invented by court historians of the Malacca Sultanate to glorify Sang Nila Utama and his line of descent.

Different versions of its history are told in Portuguese sources, suggesting that Temasek was a Siamese vassal whose ruler was killed by Parameswara from Palembang. According to Portuguese accounts, Parameswara killed the local chief with the title Sang Aji eight days after being welcomed into Temasek. By the 14th century, the empire of Srivijaya had already declined, and Singapore was caught in the struggle between Siam now Thailand and the Java-based Majapahit Empire for control over the Malay Peninsula.

According to the Malay Annals , Singapore was defeated in one Majapahit attack. The last king, Sultan Iskandar Shah a prince of Srivijaya empire, his Hindu name Parameswara before he was converted to Islam ruled the island for several years, before being forced to Melaka where he founded the Sultanate of Malacca. The Malacca Sultanate extended its authority over the island and Singapore became a part of the Malacca Sultanate.

The Portuguese however destroyed the settlement in Singapore in , and the island sank into obscurity for the next two centuries. Thailand’s relationship with India spans over a thousand years and understandably resulted in an adaptation of Hindu culture to suit the Thai environment. Evidence of strong religious, cultural and linguistic links abound.

Historically, the cultural and economic interaction between the two countries can be traced to roughly around the 6th century B. The single most significant cultural contribution of India, for which Thailand is greatly indebted to India, is Buddhism. Propagated in Thailand in the 3rd century B. However, direct contact can be said to have begun only in the 3rd century B. Besides Buddhism, Thailand has also adopted other typically Indian religious and cultural traditions.

The ceremonies and rites especially as regards the Monarchy evidence a strong Hindu influence. The Indians who moved into Thailand in the Sukhothai period — were either merchants who came to Siam or Thailand, for the purpose of trading or Brahmans who played an important role in the Siamese court as experts in astrology and in conducting ceremonies.

The first group of Brahmans who entered Siam before the founding of Sukhothai as the first capital of Siam — popularized Hindu beliefs and traditions. During the Sukhothai period Brahman temples already existed. Brahmans conducted ceremonies in the court. The concepts of divine kingship and royal ceremonies are clear examples of the influence of Brahmanism. The Coronation of the Thai monarch are practiced more or less in its original form even up to the present reign.

The Thai idea that the king is a reincarnation of the Hindu deity Vishnu was adopted from Indian tradition. Though this belief no longer exists today, the tradition to call each Thai king of the present Chakri dynasty Rama Rama is an incarnation of Vishnu with an ordinal number, such as Rama I, Rama II etc. In the Ayutthaya kingdom era — , more Tamil merchants entered the South of the country by boat as evidenced by the statues of Hindu gods excavated in the South.

After the year , the Tamils who migrated to Thailand can be classified into three groups according to the religion they believed in, namely, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. Thai literature and drama draws great inspiration from Indian arts and legend. The Hindu epic of Ramayana is as popular in Thailand as it is in India.

Thailand has adapted the Ramayana to suit the Thai lifestyle in the past and has come up with its own version of the Ramayana, namely, the Ramakien. Two of the most popular classical dances the Khon , performed by men wearing ferocious masks, and the Lakhon Lakhon nai , Lakhon chatri and Lakhon nok , performed by women who play both male and female roles draws inspiration primarily from the Ramakien.

Percussion instruments and Piphat , a type of woodwind accompany the dance. In addition, there are shadow play called nang talung in Thai. This is a show in which shadows of pieces of cow or water buffalo hide cut to represent human figures with movable arms and legs are thrown on a screen for the entertainment of spectators. In South India , this kind of show is called Bommalattam.

Thai language too bears close affinity with Sanskrit and Dravidian languages. Thai language basically consists of monosyllabic words that are individually complete in meaning.

He modeled it on the ancient Indian alphabets of Sanskrit and Pali through the medium of the old Khmer characters. The shailendras were another powerful Buddhist dynasty originating in east Java who, along with the srivijayan kingdom, flourished until the emergence and eventual dominance of the Majapahit empire in the fourteenth century CE. Kedah, now in modern Malaysia, also came under the Chola rule in approximately , along with what is now Pattani in Thailand.

The Chola influence in the region was was substantial and is discussed in the important medieval Malayan chronicle Sejarah Melayu. Yet, popular art forms like wayang shadow plays, inspired by Hinduism and based upon Hindu-Java epics, remained and attracted wealthy patrons of different Islamic sects. The religious impact on southeast Asia from the Indian subcontinent is distinctly visible and has been indigenized with various manifestations of diverse rituals, practices and beliefs.

Hinduism and Buddhism spread from India and mostly existed with mutual appreciation until many of the mainland states embraced Buddhism. Though Islam started flowing into the region through itinerant merchants and preachers, it was not until the fourteenth century CE that an Islamic state was established in Sumatra. Most of the participants in the Muslim trade network were transient and localized in port cities.

Fusion of the agrarian and the maritime economies for the most part did not occur, so pre-Islamic cultural foundations remained in practice in the country-sides.

Foreigners settled in towns and cities with incentives for positions in courts or marriage to local women. The everyday rituals have also incorporated certain practices from Islamic tradition. Textiles formed a strong connection between India and southeast Asia.

Though Indonesia had an age-old tradition of local weaving for more than 4, years, Indian textiles were highly acclaimed and continued to be imported through different periods in history, not only as clothing or gifts and rituals in various ceremonies, but also as textiles used to decorate images in temples and ceilings, or in manuscript covers. The popular textile imports from india comprised of the double-ikat silk patola, a unique pattern of woven fabric and block-printed cotton textiles.

There are numerous archeological evidences of these exchanges through different periods of history, ranging from the ninth to tenth century Java inscriptions, to excavations at burial sites at ban do Ta Phet in Thailand and Pontanoa bangka in sulawesi-one of the main islands in the Indonesian archipelago circa CE, or architectural influences found in eleventh and twelfth century Pagan temples in Myanmar.

There were other groups of textile traders who settled in the Malay Peninsula and north Sumatra Indonesia from Gujarat in western India. The period of colonial expansion approximately sixteenth to twentieth centuries in most of south and Southeast Asia created major disruptions in age-old connectivities. Colonization ushered in new political structures that were hegemonic and discriminatory to indigenous populations.

Colonial rule also facilitated and strategized large movement of peoples across the bay of Bengal. Particularly from the s and s, there was an increasing sense of intellectual connections throughout Asia arousing anti-colonial feelings and nationalist sentiments, and an awareness of mostly peaceful and rich historical exchanges.

Mehta, and Periyar e. Contents 1 Is India in Southeast Asia? You might be interested: Question: Air india book online? Previous article. Next article.

Is indian east asian or south asia

 
Ministry of Religious Affairs. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities.

Ties that Bind: India and Southeast Asia Connectivities – Association for Asian Studies.The Difference Between East Asians And South Asians Is Pretty Simple | HuffPost Latest News

 
These groups are also further subdivided into numerous sub-groups, castes and tribes. AFF Championship is the highest football competition in the region since its inaugural in with Thailand becoming the most title in the competition with 5 is indian east asian or south asia. The ссылка на продолжение of the rhinoceros, not part of its skull, was prized in China as well. The United Nations geoscheme has classified both island territories as parts of Oceaniaunder the Australia and New Zealand Australasia subregion. Myanmar Burma. The local dialect is known as Pakistani English.